Mexican Wetlands

Wetlands are those areas that are temporarily or permanently flooded by fresh, brackish or salt water. Wetlands can be natural or created by humans. Among natural wetlands we can cite coastal lagoons, estuaries, sandbars, mangroves, swamps, rivers, streams, and fresh water lakes. On the other hand, dams, artificial lakes, fishponds, salt pits, wells and others are artificial wetlands.

In the past, before their importance was recognized, wetlands were considered to be inhospitable places. People considered them full of dangerous bugs, reptiles, and sources of disease, and that the land would be more useful if it were drained and used for other purposes, such as agricultural or urban development. The best known case in Mexico might be that of Mexico City, which according to Aztec records was founded in 1325, when a group of nomads settled in an island of Lake Texcoco. The city, named Tenochtitlan at that time, grew by filling in the lake waters, to reach Mexico City's present size.

Mexican wetlands are highly productive ecosystems. Some of them are 10 times more productive than cultivated areas. Such is the case of the coastal lagoons and salt marshes. These coastal wetlands serve as reproductive areas for many mollusks (e.g. oysters and snails), fish, and crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, lobster, and crab) of economic importance. Another function of wetlands is as refuge and feeding areas for resident and migratory waterfowl, such as ducks and geese. Wetlands also provide nesting areas for several endangered species of marine turtles, habitat for manatee and crocodiles, and terrestrial species such as tapir, jaguar, monkeys, birds of prey, pelicans, and flamingoes. Some inland wetlands such as the millenary pools of Cuatrocienegas, in the northern state of Coahuila, have a great ecological value. The isolation and stability of these wetlands have favored the evolution of some unique species of fish, snails, algae, and turtles.

In general, wetlands are highly productive ecosystems, and protect wild flora and fauna. They are a source of fresh drinking water, recharge aquifers, and filter and enhance water quality. Wetlands can be used as a source of hydroelectric energy, as barriers against hurricanes, waterways, and genetic reservoirs. Wetlands help to control floods and erosion, and protect the coastline. The importance of these habitats is better understood, and many national and international organizations are working for their protection and recovery.